Reference Values in the 6-Minute Walk Test in Chilean Children Aged 3-10 Years and Relationship With Cardiometabolic Risk.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of healthy Chilean children aged 3-10 years in the 6-minute walking test (6MWT) and cardiometabolic risk variables and to determine sex- and age-specific reference values. METHODS: This study involved 1165 healthy children (age = 6.36 [1.70] y old). The 6MWT was used to evaluate exercise performance. Furthermore, anthropometric measures were collected, like weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, and skin folds. Resting heart rate and blood pressure (BP) were also evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 35.0% and 25.4% in preschoolers and 29.0% and 36.2% in school-age children, respectively, showing significant differences (P < .05) between age groups. The distance walked (6-min walk distance) increased significantly year on year at ages from 3 to 10 years. According to the regression analysis, 6MWT performance was positively related to age, systolic BP, and height, whereas it was negatively related to ∑4 skinfold fat, resting heart rate, diastolic BP, and waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a reference equation and an age- and sex-adjusted percentile curve to assess the predicted 6MWT performance in a cohort of prepubertal Chilean children. The 6-minute walk distance depends mainly on age; however, other variables, such as resting heart rate, BP, skinfold fat, and waist circumference, add significant information and should be taken into account.

Infection of Multiple Tunneled Dialysis Catheters Resulting From the Contamination of the Chlorhexidine Solution by Serratia marcescens.

Tunnelled dialysis catheters continue to be a choice in several patients as hemodialysis access. According to Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines, its handling implies disinfection, that can be performed using chlorhexidine solutions. Theoretically, these solutions have bactericidal capacity at concentrations greater than 0.12%. We present a curious situation of failure of the antiseptic process due to contamination of the chlorhexidine solution 4% of aqueous base. In this hemodialysis clinic, three cases of infections by the bacteria Serratia marcescens were identified over 2 weeks - in two of the cases, identified in blood culture, and in the other case in the exudate from the exit site of the catheter. Considering the abnormal number of infections by this agent and the fact that these patients were on different shifts, were treated in different rooms, and handled by different nurses, the antiseptic solutions used in the different hemodialysis rooms were analyzed, as well as a closed package from the same batch. After microbiological tests were performed on the antiseptic solution, we identified the growth of Serratia marcescens. This result identified the culprit as being the contamination of the 4% chlorhexidine solution. The competent authorities were notified, and the disinfection method was changed to use a chlorhexidine alcohol-based solution.

An Incidental Myxoma Hidden in Chest Pain.

Chest pain is a very common symptom in an emergency context. Its differential diagnosis is extensive and includes some conditions that require immediate recognition and intervention. It can also be a symptom associated with rarer diagnostic possibilities. Here, we report the case of a 53-year-old woman admitted to the emergency department due to chest pain and initially diagnosed with non-ST elevation acute myocardial infarction. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a large hyperechogenic round mass, suggestive of a left atrial cardiac myxoma. Coronary angiography showed no significant lesions. The patient underwent cardiac surgery with excision of the mass, whose histological diagnosis was atrial myxoma. The immediate postoperative period was uneventful, and the patient was discharged asymptomatic and without echocardiographic changes. Cardiac tumors are a rare finding, of which myxomas are the most common. Symptoms can typically result from embolism, obstruction, or constitutional symptoms. A myxoma presenting as acute chest pain and mimicking an acute coronary syndrome is an uncommon finding. This case reminds us of an extremely rare differential diagnosis of chest pain and awakens us to the usefulness and importance of using echocardiography as a diagnostic tool.

A Compelling Case of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and Its Potential Association With SARS-CoV-2.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia can be caused by infections, lymphoproliferative disorders, autoimmune disorders, or triggered by drugs or toxins. We present the case of a 92-year-old man admitted with gastrointestinal symptoms. He presented with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The etiologic study was negative for autoimmune conditions or solid masses. Viral serologies were negative, and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was positive. The patient began treatment with corticoid, with resulted in cessation of hemolysis and improvement of the anemia. A few cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia have been reported in COVID-19 patients. In this case, the infection seems to coincide with the hemolysis period, and we found no other cause for this event. So, we highlight the need to search for SARS-CoV-2 as a possible infective cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Effects of a High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Program on Anthropomorphic and Cardiometabolic Variables in School Children with Overweight and Obesity.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a high intensity interval training (HIIT) program on anthropomorphic and cardiometabolic variables in schoolchildren with overweight and obesity. A total of 443 schoolchildren (age: 6.37 ± 0.65 years) took part in this study. The experimental group (EG; n = 295; age = 6.40 ± 0.64 years) was compound with children with overweight and obesity, whereas children with normoweight were included in the control group (CG; n = 148; 6.31 ± 0.67 years). The EG performed a training program based on HIIT two times per week for 28 weeks (56 sessions), whilst the CG performed their habitual physical education classes based on the national curriculum. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat, ∑ 4 skinfold fat, waist to height ratio, waist circumference, and cardiometabolic risk were measured. The dependent variables were analysed by two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA 2 × 2). To analyse the percentage differences between groups, the chi-square test was used. P-value was set at p < 0.05. Significant differences were found in the EG in BMI, waist circumference, body fat, ∑ 4 skinfold fat, and waist to height ratio. In conclusion, an HIIT training program can be an effective tool for improving anthropomorphic variables and reducing cardiometabolic risk in schoolchildren with overweight and obesity.

A Rare Image of Bladder Herniation Concealed in a Frequent Diagnosis.

Herniation of the urinary bladder is a relatively uncommon condition, and when it herniates to the scrotum, it can also be called a scrotal cystocele. The incidence of inguinal herniation is estimated to vary between 1% and 3 % of all inguinal hernias. However, scrotal cystocele is believed to occur in less than 1% of cases and only 7% are diagnosed preoperatively. We present a case of a 91-year-old male who presented to our hospital with dysuria, fever, right scrotal pain, and tumefaction. In the course of the patient's evaluation, a CT scan of the pelvis was performed, which showed a right inguinal hernia constituting the bladder. A hernia reduction was performed, and it led to immediate symptomatic relief. After the procedure, antibiotics were initiated and administrated for the urinary tract infection. Bladder hernia and its extension to the scrotum is rare; therefore, this is a relevant case that may contribute to additional knowledge in the medical community.

Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Case Report.

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is a serious complication of group A Streptococcus infection with a high mortality rate. Rapid detection, early intensive care support, and surgical management are paramount in treating these patients. We present a case of a 65-year-old male, with a documented medical history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and peripheral arterial disease. The patient was evaluated in the emergency department with a chief complaint of pain, swelling in his left leg, and fever. Physical examination showed tachycardia, hypotension, and clear inflammatory signs in the left leg. After initial clinical and laboratory evaluation, the patient was admitted with a diagnosis of cellulitis and urinary tract infection. He presented progressive worsening with multi-organ dysfunction, requiring vasopressor support, invasive mechanical ventilation, and renal replacement therapy. Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in blood cultures, and a streptococcal toxic shock syndrome was considered. Appropriate antibiotic therapy, immunoglobulins, hemoperfusion, and corticosteroid therapy were administered, with clinical improvement. During hospitalization, there was a progressive improvement in the skin lesion. Once clinically stabilized the patient was discharged with follow-up. The case presented shows the rapid evolution of cutaneous streptococcal infection with multiorgan dysfunction. Although these types of infections have an associated high mortality rate, this patient survived. The use of immunoglobulin and hemoperfusion technique, in this case, might have contributed to this positive outcome. Therefore, we highlight the need for high suspicion of this syndrome, especially in diabetic patients presenting with skin lesions. Once the diagnosis is established, these infections require close surveillance and rapid and intensive treatment.

Gender Dysphoria Publication Trends: A Bibliometric Analysis between 1900 and 2018 / Tendencias de publicación sobre disforia de género: Un análisis bibliométrico entre 1900 y 2018

Objective Research on gender dysphoria (GD) has been growing over the last decades with increasing interest in understanding and characterizing the causal relationships between psychological, genetics, hormonal, and sociocultural factors. Changes and acceptance of this condition as non-pathologic have led to significant changes in general perspective and its management over time. Our objective is to carry out a bibliometric analysis to know the publication trends and quality of evidence related to gender dysphoria. Methods A systematic search and critical review of the literature was carried out between January 1900 and December 2018 to perform a bibliometric analysis. Research was done in the following databases: OVID, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The medical subject headings (MeSh) terms used were: gender dysphoria; and surgery and psychology. The results were plotted using the VOSviewer version 1.6.8. Statistical analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS, Version 25.0. Results A total of 1,239 manuscripts were identified, out of which 1,041 were selected. The average number of cited times per year per manuscript is 1.84 (interquartile range [IQR] 0-2.33). The average impact index was 47.8 (IQR 20-111.6). The median of total citations per manuscript was 3 (IQR 0-33.1), and the highest number of citations per manuscript was 484. Most publications focus on the psychological aspects of GD, and there is a significant amount of manuscripts related to social and anthropological issues. Most articles have a low level of scientific evidence. Conclusion There is a great amount of published literature on GD; however, there is a significant level of disagreement in many respects on this topic. Regarding surgical gender-affirmation, there is a lack of information supported by high level of evidence to uphold the emerging expansion of medical practices.

Objetivo La investigación sobre la disforia de género (DG) ha crecido en las últimas décadas con un interés creciente por comprender y caracterizar las relaciones causales entre factores psicológicos, genéticos, hormonales y socioculturales. La aceptación de esta condición como no patológica ha llevado a cambios significativos en la perspectiva general y su manejo a lo largo del tiempo. Nuestro objetivo es realizar un análisis bibliométrico para evaluar las tendencias de publicación y la calidad de evidencias relacionadas con la disforia de género. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática y revisión crítica de la literatura entre enero de 1900 y diciembre de 2018 para hacer un análisis bibliométrico. Se utilizaron los criterios de los Ítems de Informe Preferido para Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis, PRISMA, en inglés), y la investigación se realizó en las siguientes bases de datos: OVID, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar. Los términos de encabezados de temas médicos (medical subject headings, MeSh, en inglés) utilizados fueron: disforia de género; y cirugía y psicología. Los resultados se trazaron utilizando VOSviewer, versión 1.6.8. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con el IBM SPSS, versión 25.0. Resultados Se identificaron un total de 1.239 manuscritos, y se seleccionaron 1.041. El número promedio de citas por año por manuscrito fue de 1,84 (rango intercuartil [RIC]: 0­2,33). El índice de impacto promedio fue de 47,8 (RIC: 20­111,6). La mediana del total de citas por manuscrito fue de 3 (RIC: 0­33.1), y el mayor número de citas por manuscrito fue de 484. La mayoría de las publicaciones se centran en los aspectos psicológicos de la DG, y hay una cantidad significativa de manuscritos relacionados con temas sociales y antropológicos. La mayoría de los artículos tienen un bajo nivel de evidencia científica. Conclusión Existe una gran cantidad de literatura publicada sobre disforia de género; sin embargo, existe un nivel significativo de desacuerdo en muchos aspectos sobre este tema. Con respecto a la afirmación quirúrgica, hace falta información respaldada por un alto nivel de evidencia que argumente la expansión emergente de las prácticas médicas.

Complete study for erectile dysfunction (CompED) improving diagnosis and treatment decision-making.

Erectile dysfunction is a condition associated with increasing age. Patient evaluation and management should follow a comprehensive, stepwise approach. The aim of this article was to report our experience with the complete study for erectile dysfunction, including intracavernous injection rigidity test, biothesiometry and colour duplex Doppler ultrasound. Data were collected and analysed prospectively. The primary end point was to determine whether treatment decision-making was eased by the CompED test. Secondary end points were to establish which clinical variables prior to the study could impact the results of the CompED test, to finally improve patient selection for the study. 187 patients were recruited, 31.2% of the patients had an axial rigidity below 50%, 28.5% had a peak systolic velocity <25 cm/s, 13.2% had an end-diastolic velocity >5cm/s and 27.5% had an abnormal biothesiometry. The factors that best predicted an abnormal result in any of the tests were age >70 years, IIEF domain A < 14 points, and previous radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy. The CompED test stands as a new alternative for the evaluation of patients with erectile dysfunction, being less time consuming, aiding in a more accurate determination of the aetiology and guiding treatment decision-making.

Evaluación de la función sexual en pacientes con obesidad, antes y después de la cirugía bariátrica / Evaluation of Sexual Function in Patients with Obesity, before and after Bariatric Surgery

Introducción La obesidad afecta diversos aspectos físicos, psicológicos y sociales. Recientemente se ha comenzado a estudiar su relación con la función sexual y el efecto de las intervenciones dirigidas a reducir el peso. Objetivo Describir los cambios inducidos por la cirugía bariátrica en la función sexual en un grupo de pacientes obesos. Métodos Estudio observacional prospectivo de pacientes con obesidad mórbida, intervenidos con cirugía bariátrica. Se evaluó la función sexual en hombres con el cuestionario abreviado de función sexual (SHIM) y la encuesta de autoestima y relaciones (SEAR), y en mujeres con el Índice de función sexual femenina (IFSF). La calidad de vida se evaluó con el cuestionario SF-12. Se utilizaron pruebas estadísticas no paramétricas. Resultados Se incluyeron 19 pacientes, 13 mujeres con un promedio de edad de 45,3 años (22­59) y 6 hombres con un promedio de 41 años (36­54). El seguimiento promedio fue de 19 meses (13,1­25,9). Para el IFSF, todos los dominios demostraron mejoría, aunque la variable deseo fue la única en la que se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0.027). Los puntajes obtenidos con la escala SHIM, demuestran disminución en la severidad de la disfunción eréctil de 16,8 (8­21) a 22,16 (18­25) (p = 0,059). En calidad de vida, tanto mujeres como hombres reportaron un incremento estadísticamente significativo (p = 0.036 y p = 0.002, respectivamente). Conclusiones La cirugía bariátrica tiene un impacto altamente favorable en la calidad de vida y cambios positivos en todos los dominios de la función sexual de hombres y mujeres. Es posible que esos cambios se vean influidos por variables físicas y psicosociales que deben medirse con investigaciones futuras.

Introduction Obesity affects physical, psychological and social aspects. Recently, researchers have begun to study the relationship between sexual function and the effect of interventions aimed at reducing weight. Objective To describe the changes induced by bariatric surgery in sexual function in a group of obese patients. Methods Prospective observational study of patients with morbid obesity and bariatric surgery. Sexual function was evaluated in men with the abbreviated sexual health inventory for men questionnaire (SHIM) and the self-esteem and relationship questionnaire (SEAR), and in women with the Female Sexual Function Index (IFSF). Quality of life with the SF-12 questionnaire. Nonparametric statistical tests were used. Results 19 patients were included. 13 women with an average age of 45.3 years (22­59) and 6 men with an average of 41 years (36­54). The average follow-up was 19 months (13.1­25.9). For IFSF, all the domains showed improvement, although desire variable was the only one with statistically significant difference (p = 0.027). The scores obtained with the SHIM scale show a decrease in the severity of erectile dysfunction from 16.8 (8­21) to 22.16 (18­25) (p = 0.059). In quality of life, women and men reported a statistically significant increase (p = 0.036 and p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions Bariatric surgery has a highly favorable impact on quality of life and positive changes in all domains of sexual function of men and women. It is possible that these changes are influenced by physical and psychosocial variables that should be measured with future research.

Adherencia al tratamiento de pacientes diagnosticados con HPB y manejados con alfabloqueadores / Adherences when dealing with patients diagnosed with BPH and treated with alpha blockers

El tratamiento de los síntomas urinarios bajos secundarios a la hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) cambió de manera importante desde la aparición de los alfabloqueadores. La HPB constituye un problema mayor de salud en los hombres y afecta especialmente a los individuos mayores de 50 años(2). Previo a 1980, la prostatectomía era la única intervención ampliamente aceptada para HPB(1). La cirugía continúa siendo el tratamiento más frecuente de los síntomas obstructivos del tracto urinario de salida. El procedimiento quirúrgico de resección transuretral de próstata (RTUP), es mucho más común que la prostatectomía abierta. La RTUP es efectiva para reducir los síntomas excepto en aquellos en los que eran inicialmente leves(3) (4). El entusiasmo por la terapia medicamentosa ha sido soportado en parte por las limitaciones de la prostatectomía, que incluye morbilidad del procedimiento quirúrgico, fallas para conseguir un resultado exitoso, y la necesidad de reintervención en un porcentaje de pacientes. Aunque la terapia medicamentosa no alcanza los mismos niveles de eficacia que la prostatectomía y su uso se limita a los casos moderados o leves, su atractivo es que los resultados clínicos se obtienen con menores, menos serios y reversibles efectos secundarios.

Sensibilidad de la prueba de potasio intravesical en pacientes con criterios diagnósticos positivos para cistitis intersticial: experimento clínico controlado / Potassium intravesical test’s sensitivity in patients with positive diagnosis criteria for interstitial cystitis: controlled clinical experiment

Introducción. La cistitis intersticial es un síndrome clínico caracterizado por síntomas irritativos durante la micción y dolor suprapúbico en ausencia de infección bacteriana o de otra patología definida. En los National Institutes of Health se reunieron investigadores interesados en la cistitis intersticial y establecieron los criterios del National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDKD) que confirman el diagnóstico de cistitis intersticial que se deben utilizar en los estudios clínicos. Un método diagnóstico simple, descrito por C. Lowell Parsons, conocido como la prueba de potasio intravesical, fue diseñado para medir la permeabilidad epitelial. Esta prueba se basa en la hipótesis de que si una solución de cloruro de potasio se coloca dentro de una vejiga normal no provoca síntomas de urgencia ni dolor, mientras que si se coloca en una vejiga con mecanismos alterados para mantener la permeabilidad epitelial, como sucede en la cistitis intersticial, el potasio se difunde a través de las células transicionales y despolariza las terminaciones nerviosas causando urgencia y dolor. Objetivos. Establecer la sensibilidad de la prueba de potasio intravesical en pacientes de sexo femenino que asistieron a la consulta de urología del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio y el Hospital Central de la Policía Nacional y tenían criterios diagnósticos positivos para cistitis intersticial, según el NIDDKD. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio clínico prospectivo controlado con un grupo de pacientes sanas. Se incluyeron las pacientes de sexo femenino que asistieron a la consulta de urología durante los años 2001 y 2003 que satisfacían los criterios diagnósticos. El grupo de pacientes incluyó 21 mujeres mayores de 18 años que cumplían los criterios diagnósticos. El grupo control incluyó 20 mujeres mayores de 18 años que no presentaban esta sintomatología. Resultados. Ni las mujeres del grupo control, ni las pacientes con cistitis intersticial...

Concordancia entre el citrato de sildenafil y el eco Doppler color como prueba diagnóstica de lesión arterial en los pacientes con disfunción eréctil / Concordance between sildenaphil citrate and the eco doppler color as a diagnostic proof of arterial injury in patients with erectile dysfunction

Objetivo. Determinar la correlación entre la respuesta clínica al citrato de sildenafil y los valores de flujo arterial obtenidos en el eco Doppler de los pacientes con disfunción eréctil. Materiales y métodos. Estudio prospectivo con pacientes de la consulta de la Unidad de Urología del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio y del Hospital Central de la Policía, que consultaron por disfunción eréctil. A todos se les aplicó el cuestionario abreviado del Índice Internacional de Función Eréctil (IIEF) (Sexual Health for Inventory Men) al ingreso, se les administraron cuatro tabletas de sildenafil para que tomaran en el transcurso de un mes, y se les repitió el cuestionario. El eco Doppler practicado a todos los pacientes tuvo en cuenta la velocidad de flujo de las arterias cavernosas y el ángulo de la erección. Se practicó la prueba simple kappa del puntaje de los cuestionarios pre y postratamiento con el eco Doppler; se utilizó la prueba t de Wilcoxon para los puntajes del cuestionario postratamiento contra el pretratamiento, y se estableció la correlación existente entre la diferencia de los dos puntajes con el Doppler. Análisis. El kappa simple del cuestionario previo, del cuestionario postratamiento y de la diferencia de los puntajes con el eco doppler no demostraron correlación, (0,103, 0,1206, 0,615). La t de Wilcoxon fue de 8,03, lo cual muestra que en todos los pacientes el sildenafil fue efectivo. Conclusión. El citrato de sildenafil no demostró ser útil como prueba diagnóstica del grado de enfermedad arterial en los pacientes con disfunción eréctil. El citrato de sildenafil es útil como tratamiento de amplio espectro en casos de disfunción eréctil, independientemente de la gravedad de la enfermedad arterial.

Incidencia de disfunción eréctil posprostatectomía transuretral en pacientes con hipertrofia prostática benigna en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio y la Clínica de la Policía Nacional, Bogotá / Incidence of post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction in patients with beningn prostatic hypertrophy at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio and Clínica de la Policía Nacional, Bogotá

La resección transuretral de la próstata es el procedimiento quirúrgico que con más frecuencia se realiza para tratar los síntomas de obstrucción de la vía urinaria inferior y se menciona a menudo entre los muchos factores de riesgo relacionados con la producción de disfunción eréctil; sin embargo, los datos existentes en la literatura médica son disímiles y, por lo tanto, no son concluyentes.